Thailand's Constitutional Revolution Day is celebrated on June 24th every year. This day commemorates the abolition of the absolute monarchy in Thailand (then Siam) in 1932, and the introduction of a constitutional monarchy.
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Constitutional Revolution Day is recognized as a day that symbolizes Thailand's modernization and development of its political system. For many Thais, this day is an opportunity to reflect on the country's history and remember the events that formed the basis of its current political system.
There are several places in Bangkok's Old City that commemorate this historical event. For example, the square with the Ananta Samakhom Palace and the equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn the Great is deeply connected to the history of the Constitutional Revolution.
Details
The Eve of Revolution: Mounting Dissatisfaction with Absolute Monarchy
In 1932, the Kingdom of Siam was under the absolute monarchy of King Prajadhipok (Rama VII). However, severe discontent was accumulating both inside and outside the country due to economic instability caused by the Great Depression, mass layoffs of bureaucrats, and conflicts that arose between the royal family and high-ranking officials.
Amidst this, young military officers and bureaucrats, many of whom had studied in France, secretly formed the "People's Party (Khana Ratsadon)" and drafted a coup plan.
The Coup D'état: June 24, 1932
Although initially scheduled for mid-June, due to changing circumstances and preparation delays, the People's Party finally executed the coup in the early morning of June 24, 1932. Backed by military force and the cooperation of bureaucrats, they seized key strongholds without bloodshed, successfully transforming the regime.
The People's Party demanded that the King establish a constitution and transfer sovereignty to the people, which King Rama VII accepted. This event marked Siam's transition from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy, taking the first step towards a state system where the people hold sovereignty.
Post-Revolutionary Changes and Challenges
The 1932 Constitutional Revolution marked the dawn of modern politics in Thailand, but stable democracy did not immediately take root thereafter. The military's influence remained strong, and multiple military coups occurred subsequently, leading to intermittent political instability.
Additionally, in 1939, the country's name was changed from "Siam" to "Thailand." While "Thai" is said to mean "freedom," it also carries an ethnic connotation of "the land of the Thai people."
Symbol of Commemoration: Democracy Monument
The Democracy Monument on Ratchadamnoen Avenue in Bangkok was constructed to commemorate the Constitutional Revolution and stands as a monument symbolizing Thailand's political reforms. Annually on June 24, commemorative ceremonies and events reflecting on history are sometimes held, centered around this monument.
Significance and Contemporary Relevance
While not an independence day, Constitutional Revolution Day is a significant date for the Thai people, symbolizing a political turning point and the beginning of the nation as a modern state. It continues to hold historical meaning today as the origin of the country's democracy and constitutional system.